Efficient removal of tetracycline and Cu2+ by honeycomb derived magnetic carbon: Adsorption mechanism and advanced oxidation regeneration mechanism.

The honeycomb magnetic carbons (xFe@HCNs) were prepared by sacrificial template method novelty using polyacrylamide resin (PAAS) as template and ammonium pyrrolidine dithioate/Fe3+ complex (APDC-Fe) as carbon skeleton and metal source. Tetracycline (TC) and copper (Cu2+) as target pollutants were used to investigate the adsorption properties of xFe@HCNs in single or binary TC and Cu2+ systems. The adsorption capacity sequence for TC among the adsorbents was (mmol·g-1): 2Fe@HCNs (0.088) > 8Fe@HCNs (0.061) > HCNs (0.054) > RC (0.036), and for Cu2+ was (mmol·g-1): 2Fe@HCNs (1.120) > 8Fe@HCNs (1.026) > RC (0.792) > HCNs (0.681). 2Fe@HCNs demonstrated notable affinity for adsorbing both TC and Cu2+. Additionally, the influence of hydrochemical factors (i.e., cation species, anion species, and pH) on the adsorption properties of 2Fe@HCNs. Combined with advanced oxidation technology, the regeneration methods of magnetic adsorbent were explored using oxidizing agents (e.g., H2O2 and peroxymonosulfate) as eluents which could increase the adsorption sites of magnetic carbon adsorbents during the regenerating process, which was the novelty of the study. Furthermore, the regeneration mechanisms of H2O2 as eluent were investigated. This study discussed the application and regeneration methods of magnetic adsorbents in water treatment, offering new insights into environmental remediation using magnetic materials.

Confined Co@NCNTs as highly efficient catalysts for activating peroxymonosulfate: free radical and non-radical co-catalytic mechanisms.

A series of transition metal (Co, Ni, Fe) nanoparticles were confined in N-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) prepared (Co@NCNTs, Ni@NCNTs, and Fe@NCNTs) by the polymerization method. The structure and composition of catalysts were well characterized. The catalytic activity of catalysts for activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was conducted via acid orange 7 (AO7) degradation. Among the catalysts, Co@NCNTs performed the best catalytic activity. Additionally, Co@NCNTs performed good catalytic activity in pH values of 2.39-10.98. Cl- and SO42- played a promoting roles in AO7 degradation. NO3- presented a weak effect on the catalytic performance of Co@NCNTs, while HCO3- and CO32- significantly suppressed the catalytic performance of Co@NCNTs. Both non-radical (1O2 and electron transfer) and free-radical (·OH and SO4·-) pathways were detected in the Co@NCNTs/PMS system. Notably, 1O2 was identified to be the main active specie in this study. The catalytic activity of Co@NCNTs gradually decreased after cycle reuse of Co@NCNTs. Finally, the toxicity of the AO7 degradation solution in the study was evaluated by Chlorella pyrenoidosa.

Highly efficient removal of tetracyclines from water by a superelastic MOF-based aerogel: Mechanism quantitative analysis and dynamic adsorption.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were promising adsorbents for removing antibiotics, but the inherent poor recyclability of MOF powders limits further application. Moreover, the dominant adsorption mechanisms and their quantitative assessment are less studied. Here, ultrahigh adsorption capacities of 821.51 and 931.87 mg g-1 for tetracycline (TC) and oxytetracycline (OTC), respectively, were realised by a novel adsorbents (biochar loaded with MIL-88B(Fe), denoted as BC@MIL-88B(Fe)), which were further immobilised in a 3D porous gelatin (GA) substrate. The obtained BCM/GA200 showed superior adsorption performance under wide pH ranges and under the interference of humic acid. Moreover, it can survive >8 cycles and even maintain high adsorption efficiency in different actual water samples. Notably, BCM/GA200 can selectively remove tetracyclines in a multivariate system containing other kinds of antibiotics and from a dynamic adsorption system. Most importantly, the results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 2D Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS) and density functional theory techniques revealed that (1) for TC adsorption, at pH < 4.0, the contribution of complexation was 25 %-45 %, whereas pore filling and hydrogen bonding accounted for 39 %-72 % of the total uptake. At 4.0 < pH < 10.0, the contribution of complexation increased to 60 %-82 %, whereas electrostatic attraction and π-π interaction were 4 %-13 % and 2 %-10 %, respectively. (2) For OTC adsorption, complexation was dominant at 3.0 < pH < 10.0, accounting for 55 %-86 % of the total uptake, and electrostatic attraction and π-π interactions caused 3 %-10 % and 3 %-15 %, respectively. (3) At pH > 10.0, pore filling dominated TC and OTC adsorption. Finally, the reaction sequences of the main adsorption mechanisms were also probed by 2D-FTIR-COS. This work solves the poor recyclability of MOF powders and provides a mechanistic insight into antibiotic removal by MOFs.

Ecotoxicological effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine and its removal by the typical freshwater microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa.

The antidepressant fluoxetine (FLX) has gained increasing attention due to its frequent detection in aquatic environments and negative effects on non-target organisms. However, knowledge on the ecotoxicological effects of FLX and its removal by microalgae is still limited. In this study, the ecotoxicological effects of FLX (10 -1000 µg/L) were assessed using batch cultures of the freshwater microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa for 10 days based on changes in growth, antioxidant response, and photosynthetic process. The removal efficiency, removal mechanism, and degradation pathway of FLX by C. pyrenoidosa were also investigated. The results showed that the growth of C. pyrenoidosa was inhibited by FLX with a 4 d EC50 of 0.464 mg/L. Additionally, FLX significantly inhibited photosynthesis and caused oxidative stress on day 4. However, C. pyrenoidosa can produce resistance and acclimatize to FLX, as reflected by the declining growth inhibition rate, recovered photosynthetic efficiency, and disappearance of oxidative stress on day 10. Despite the toxicity of FLX, C. pyrenoidosa showed 41.2%- 100% removal of FLX after 10 days of exposure. Biodegradation was the primary removal mechanism, accounting for 88.2%- 92.8% of the total removal of FLX. A total of five metabolites were found in the degradation processes of FLX, which showed less toxicity than FLX. The main degradation pathways were proposed as demethylation, O-dealkylation, hydroxylation, and N-acylation. Our results not only highlight the potential application of microalgae in FLX purification, but also provide insight into the fate and ecological risk of FLX in aquatic environments.

Highly efficient removal of glyphosate from water by hierarchical-pore UiO-66: Selectivity and effects of natural water particles.

The selective removal of glyphosate (GP) from aqueous environments is crucial for ensuring human health and environmental sustainability. The preparation of hierarchical-pore MOFs and the reasonable regulation of the pore size are effective strategies for achieving selective removal. In this study, we applied hierarchical-pore UiO-66 analogues (HUiO-66s) synthesized by the template technique through a mild method for the removal of GP from water. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of HUiO-66s was as high as 400 mg/g, which is higher than that of most reported adsorbents. Notably, HUiO-66s showed the highest adsorption rate and distribution coefficient for GP in a multivariate system containing different organophosphorus pesticides and antibiotics, exhibiting suitable selective adsorption performance for GP. Furthermore, GP adsorption onto HUiO-66-2 (prepared from 2 mL of MOF-5 template) did not affect the presence of competing anions and humic acids. Naturally occurring particles in the water body had an enhanced (i.e., Al2O3, sepiolite, and montmorillonite), reduced (i.e., illite and SiO2), or insignificant (i.e., kaolin) effect on the GP adsorption rate of HUiO-66-2. Further analysis based on the bulk adsorption results and microscopic characterisation indicated that the pore structure synergistically occurred with metal-ligand bonding, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions, which together determined the GP adsorption. Overall, the high adsorption and apparent adsorption selectivity of HUiO-66s facilitated the rapid separation and removal of GP in complex aqueous environments. Our findings provide insights into the transport and fate of MOFs and contaminants in natural aquatic systems.

Tailored metal-organic frameworks facilitate the simultaneously high-efficient sorption of UO22+ and ReO4- in water.

The simultaneously efficient extraction of radioactive metal cations and anions from radioactive waste is of great interest for the proper disposal of spent fuel and environmental protection. Modifying metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) into multifunctional materials with controllable and desired properties is an efficient strategy for broadening their practical applications. Herein, poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) tailored MIL-101(Cr) (MILP) was obtained through an easy operation and low-cost strategy and was utilized to simultaneously extract uranium (UO22+) and rhenium (ReO4-) from water. The effects of PEI coating amounts, system pH, contact time, initial UO22+/ReO4- concentrations, ionic strength, as well as interfering ions were studied to evaluate the sorption performance of MILP composites. The maximum sorption capacity was 416.67 mg/g for UO22+ at pH 5.5 and 434.78 mg/g for ReO4- at pH 3.5, levels that are superior to those of most adsorbents. The sorption of UO22+/ReO4- occurred in a pH-dependent, spontaneous and endothermic manner, which showed preferable modeling by the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic equation and Freundlich isotherm equation. The adsorption of ReO4- was inhibited by the coexistence of UO22+ and high ion strength. Batch experiments and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicate that UO22+/ReO4- sorption was driven by the abundant amino groups and unsaturated metal sites in the MILP-3 composites. MILP-3 also showed excellent recycling performance and maintained high sorption capacities for UO22+/ReO4- in different simulated water samples. This study shows that MILP composites can effectively extract radioactive metal cations and anions from water, and lays a foundation for designing an excellent new category of candidates with versatile functions for wastewater management.

Recent advances in cobalt-activated sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes for water remediation: A review.

Sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) have attracted increasing attention for the degradation of organic contaminants in water. The oxidants of SR-AOPs could be activated to generate different kinds of reactive oxygen species (ROS, e.g., hydroxyl radicals (OH), sulfate radicals (SO4-), singlet oxygen (1O2), and superoxide radicals (O2-)) by various catalysts. As one of the promising catalysts, cobalt-based catalysts have been extensively investigated in catalytic activity and stability during water remediation. This article mainly summarizes recent advances in preparation and applications of cobalt-based catalysts on peroxydisulfate (PDS)/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation since 2016. The review covers the development of homogeneous cobalt ions, cobalt oxides, supported cobalt composites, and cobalt-based mixed metal oxides for PDS/PMS activation, especially for the latest nanocomposites such as cobalt-based metal-organic frameworks and single-atom catalysts. This article also discussed the activation mechanisms and the influencing factors of different cobalt-based catalysts for activating PDS/PMS. Finally, the future perspectives on the challenges and applications of cobalt-based catalysts are presented at the end of this paper.

Combined effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of diclofenac and cadmium on Chironomus riparius larvae.

The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) is considered a contaminant of emerging concern. DCF can co-exist with heavy metals in aquatic environments, causing unexpected risks to aquatic organisms. This study aimed to assess the combined effects of DCF and cadmium (Cd) at environmentally relevant concentrations on the bioconcentration and status of oxidative stress and detoxification in Chironomus riparius larvae. The larvae were exposed to DCF (2 and 20 µg L-1) and Cd (5 and 50 µg L-1) alone or in mixtures for 48 h. The combined exposure to DCF and Cd was found to reciprocally facilitate the accumulation of each compound in larvae compared with single exposures. As indicated by the antioxidant enzyme activities, reduced glutathione levels, and malondialdehyde contents, the low concentration of the mixture (2 µg L-1 DCF + 5 µg L-1 Cd) did not alter the oxidative stress status in larvae, while the high concentration of the mixture (20 µg L-1 DCF + 50 µg L-1 Cd) induced stronger oxidative damage to larvae compared with single exposures. The expression levels of eight genes (CuZnSOD, MnSOD, CAT, GSTd3, GSTe1, GSTs4, CYP4G, and CYP9AT2) significantly decreased due to the high concentration of the mixture compared with single exposures in most cases. Overall, the results suggest that the mixture of DCF and Cd might exert greater ecological risks to aquatic insects compared with their individual compounds.

Simultaneous removal of U(VI) and Re(VII) by highly efficient functionalized ZIF-8 nanosheets adsorbent.

The simultaneously efficient removal of cationic and anionic radionuclides is an important and challenging topic for nuclear waste remediation as well as environmental protection. Herein, monoclinic ZIF-8 nanosheets modified with ethyleneimine polymer (denoted as ZIF-8/PEI) was achieved and used to determine the capture behaviors of both U(VI) oxycations and Re(VII) oxyanions from aqueous solution. ZIF-8/PEI assemblies showed a maximum U(VI) and Re(VII) uptake capacity of 665.3 (pH 5.0) and 358.2 mg/g (pH 3.5), respectively. Experimental, spectroscopic and theoretical calculation results directly unraveled that U(VI) adsorption onto ZIF-8/PEI assemblies was mainly ascribed to the coordination with abundant amino groups and weakly due to the Zn terminal hydroxyl groups, while anion exchange mechanism contributed predominantly to the Re(VII) sequestration. This work not only sheds light on the interaction mechanisms of simultaneous capture of U(VI) and Re(VII) but also highlights the versatile material design of cationic and anionic radionuclide immobilization in radioactive wastewater remediation.

The mutual effects of graphene oxide nanosheets and cadmium on the growth, cadmium uptake and accumulation in rice.

The broad application and unique properties of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets make them interact with other pollutants and subsequently alter their behaviors and toxicities. However, investigation on the effects of GO nanosheets on plant uptake of co-occurring heavy metals is scarce. We evaluated the mutual effects of cadmium (Cd) at 1 mg/L and different concentrated GO nanosheets (0, 1 and 10 mg/L) on the rice seed germination, further seedling growth, Cd uptake and accumulation in rice roots and shoots in a hydroponic system. The effects of GO were concentration dependent. GO alone at 1 mg/L showed no apparent effects, while GO alone at 10 mg/L accelerated the rice seed germination and root growth due to the improved water uptake. Cd alone showed adverse effects on the rice seed germination, which was alleviated by the presence of GO at 1 or 10 mg/L. GO at 10 mg/L also increased the membrane permeability, thus enhancing Cd uptake by rice roots and shoots. These results indicate that GO can change the effects of Cd on the rice seed germination and Cd uptake as well as accumulation in the roots and shoots of rice seedlings, which is helpful for understanding the fate and ecotoxicological impacts of both GO and Cd.

Integrated analysis of quantitative proteome and transcriptional profiles reveals abnormal gene expression and signal pathway in bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer (BCa) is a tumor associated with high morbidity and mortality and its incidence is increasing worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of bladder cancer is not well understood. OBJECTIVE: To further illustrate the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of BCa and identify potential therapeutic targets, we combined the transcriptomic analysis with RNA sequencing and tandem mass tags (TMT)-based proteomic methods to quantitatively screen the differentially expressed genes and proteins between bladder cancer tissues (BC) and adjacent normal tissues (AN). RESULTS: Transcriptome and proteome studies indicated 7094 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 596 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between BC and AN, respectively. GO enrichment analyses revealed that cell adhesion, calcium ion transport, and regulation of ATPase activity were highly enriched in BCa. Moreover, several key signaling pathway were identified as of relevance to BCa, in particular the ECM-receptor interaction, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), and PPAR signaling pathway. Interestingly, 367 genes were shared by DEGs and DEPs, and a significant positive correlation between mRNA and translation profiles was found. CONCLUSION: In summary, this joint analysis of transcript and protein profiles provides a comprehensive reference map of gene activity regarding the disease status of BCa.

Mutual effects behind the simultaneous removal of toxic metals and cationic dyes by interlayer-expanded MoS2 nanosheets.

Simultaneous removal of coexisting metals and dyes from industrial wastewaters is challenging, and the mutual effects behind the co-adsorption of these pollutants remain unclear. Herein, interlayer-expanded MoS2 (IE-MoS2) nanosheets prepared by a one-pot simple and scalable method were tested to simultaneously remove toxic metals and cationic dyes. The adsorption capacities of IE-MoS2 nanosheets were 499, 423, 500, 355, and 276 mg/g for Pb(II), Cu(II), methylene blue, malachite green, and rhodamine B, respectively, in a mono-contaminant system. Interestingly, the sequestration amount of Pb(II) was dependent on the concentrations of dyes in the binary Pb(II)-dye systems, while uptake of cationic dyes was almost not influenced by coexisting Pb(II). The simultaneous adsorption mechanism was further confirmed by spectroscopic methods. The IE-MoS2 nanosheets were easily regenerated and reused for six adsorption-desorption cycles without structure destruction, thus avoiding the potential hazards of nanomaterial to the ecosphere. More interestingly, high-efficiency uptake of Pb(II) from intentionally contaminated natural water and model textile effluent was obtained by using a column filled with IE-MoS2 nanosheets. In summary, IE-MoS2 nanosheets with facile and scalable synthesis method, efficient adsorption performance, and excellent reusability showed potential promise for the integrative treatment of complex wastewater bearing both metals and organic pollutants.

Nitrogen-doped porous carbon-based fluorescence sensor for the detection of ZIKV RNA sequences: fluorescence image analysis.

Many studies have demonstrated that metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are universal fluorescence quenchers for DNA/RNA detection. Nevertheless, the structural stability of many MOFs is relatively weak, which limits their practical applications. Thus, it remains a great interest to develop constitutionally stable nano biosensor suitable for application in the complex environment. Herein, a new angle of nitrogen-doped porous carbon (NPC) obtained from MOFs-based precursors by virtue of a simple method was applied as a nano biosensor for the fluorescence detection of Zika virus (ZIKV) RNA sequences. The fluorescence signal capturing was carried out by using a charge-coupled device (CCD)-based imaging system. The NPC could adsorb TAMRA-tagged ZIKV RNA probe (P-DNA) to form P-DNA@NPC complex accompanied by substantial fluorescence quenching. Upon adding the complementary target RNA (T-RNA), the P-DNA could release from NPC by forming a double-stranded hybrid and induce the fluorescence recovery. The P-DNA@NPC complex was valid and reliable for ZIKV RNA sequences assay with a limit of detection (LoD) at 0.23 nM, which is superior to many of the previously reported fluorescent DNA sensors. Moreover, it could distinguish mismatched RNA and was effective in detecting ZIKV RNA sequences spiked in the human saliva sample. We envision that this study would offer an interesting new angle on the potential integrating application of carbon nanomaterials and CCD-based fluorescence imaging platform in the field of nucleic acid assay.

Differential regulation of mycelial growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis by Aspergillus flavus under different temperatures as revealed by strand-specific RNA-Seq.

Although several regulatory pathways have been reported for Aspergillus flavus, the regulation of aflatoxin production and mycelial growth under different temperatures remains unclear. In this study, A. flavus differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and regulatory pathways were analyzed under three temperatures, by strand-specific RNA-Seq. Results show that a total of 2,428 and 1,474 DEGs were identified in fungal mycelia cultured at 20°C and 37°C, respectively, as compared with the control (28°C). Approximately ~ 79% of DEGs in the 37°C samples were up-regulated genes, while ~ 63% of DEGs in the 20°C samples were down-regulated genes. Most of the DEG pathways enriched by lower temperatures differed from those enriched by higher temperatures, while only a small portion of the pathways were shared by A. flavus grown under different temperatures. Aflatoxin biosynthesis, Butanoate metabolism, oxidation-reduction process, and benzene-containing compound metabolic process were the shared down-regulated pathways, while steroid biosynthesis, oxidoreductase activity, cellular protein modification process, DNA binding, protein complex were the shared up-regulated pathways between lower and higher temperatures. The shared genes and pathways are the key regulatory candidates for aflatoxin biosynthesis with changes of temperature. In addition, the identification of both up-regulated and down-regulated genes provides a useful gene set for further investigation of the aflatoxin biosynthesis among Aspergillus.

Bioconcentration and ecotoxicity of sulfadiazine in the aquatic midge Chironomus riparius.

Although sulfadiazine (SDZ) is widespread in aquatic environments, information regarding the effects of SDZ on aquatic insects is still limited. In the present study, the bioconcentration and the effects of SDZ on the antioxidant system and the expression of endocrine and stress-related genes in Chironomus riparius larvae were investigated. The larvae were exposed to SDZ at the nominal concentrations of 2, 20 and 200 µg/L for 48 h. The results showed that SDZ was taken up by C. riparius despite presenting low bioconcentration factor values (0.99-3.92). In addition, superoxide dismutase activity was markedly reduced compared with the control group, whereas the levels of malondialdehyde were not significantly affected by SDZ. Moreover, the mRNA expression of genes related to heat shock proteins (Hsp70 and Hsp27) and ecdysone pathway (EcR and E74) were significantly up-regulated following all SDZ treatments. In aggregate, our work provides novel and interesting results regarding the potential biochemical and genetic effects of SDZ on freshwater insects.

Bioconcentration, metabolism and the effects of tetracycline on multiple biomarkers in Chironomus riparius larvae.

The antibiotic tetracycline (TC) is widespread in surface waters, but few data are available regarding its adverse effects on aquatic insects. In this study, we investigated the bioconcentration, metabolism, and effects of TC on Chironomus riparius larvae exposed to different concentrations of TC (1.83, 18.5 and 174 µg L-1) for 48 h. The bioconcentration factors were 3.65, 0.74 and 0.23 in larvae with exposure to 1.83, 18.5 and 174 µg L-1 TC, respectively. High concentration ratios of the metabolites anhydrotetracycline (0.56-0.60), 4-epitetracycline (0.43-0.69), and 4-epianhydrotetracycline (0.50-0.55) to the unmetabolized compound were found. Additionally, the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase were markedly inhibited with a significant increase in malondialdehyde contents at high exposure concentrations of TC (18.5 and 174 µg L-1). Moreover, significant up-regulation of heat shock genes (hsp70 and hsp27), the ecdysone receptor gene, and the E74 early ecdysone responsive gene was observed at all exposure concentrations except for hsp70 at 1.83 µg L-1. Collectively, these results suggested that TC was quickly absorbed and metabolized by C. riparius and resulted in molecular and biochemical disturbances.

Adsorption of 17ß-estradiol from aqueous solutions by a novel hierarchically nitrogen-doped porous carbon.

A novel interconnected hierarchically nitrogen-doped porous carbon (IHNPC) derived from metal-organic framework-based composites was obtained via a facile method and applied as a superior material for the capture of 17ß-estradiol (E2) from aqueous solution. The adsorption kinetic and isotherm behaviors were well described by the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models. Various thermodynamic parameters uncovered that E2 adsorption onto IHNPC was spontaneous and exothermic. Moreover, the adsorption rate of E2 by IHNPC didn't decrease with increasing water salinity in the presence of electrolyte ions and humic acids. Naturally occurring aquatic particles can enhance (i.e., Al2O3), decrease (i.e., kaolin and SiO2) or have no obvious effects (i.e., montmorillonite) on the adsorption rate of E2 by IHNPC. The high adsorption capacity and remarkable adsorption selectivity of IHNPC highlighted the application of IHNPC for the capture of E2 and provided understanding of the fate and transport of E2 in natural aquatic environments.

Absorption, translocation, and detoxification of Cd in two different castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) cultivars.

Cadmium (Cd) is considered to be the most phytotoxic heavy metal pollutant. The selection of castor bean cultivars with Cd tolerance and the exploration of the physiological mechanisms involved in Cd tolerance are critical steps for improving phytoremediation performance. In this study, a hydroponic experiment was used to investigate variations in Cd transportation, chelation, and subcellular distribution in two different castor bean cultivars, namely JX-22 and ZB-9. Both cultivars had high tolerance index scores, indicating that both cultivars were tolerant to Cd. The findings of the present study indicate that Cd is significantly more mobile in JX-22 than in ZB-9 during xylem and phloem transportation, resulting in the accumulation of Cd in the shoots of JX-22 was 7.67 times that in ZB-9. Subcellular distribution assessment verified that more Cd was bound to the biologically detoxified metal fractions than the metal sensitive fractions in JX-22. The contents of the non-protein thiol pool and glutathione in the leaves were higher in JX-22 than ZB-9 when exposed to Cd. These results indicate that JX-22 has a greater ability to accumulate Cd, and well-coordinated physiological changes in JX-22 afford greater Cd tolerance in comparison to ZB-9 under Cd exposure, indicating that JX-22 is suitable for use in the remediation of Cd-contaminated soils.